schéma d'organisation

    Schema Denotes the Active Organization of Past Reactions or Experiences

   "Schema" refers to an active organisation of past reactions, or of past experiences, which must always be supposed to be operating in any welladapted organic response. That is, whenever there is any order or regularity of behavior, a particular response is possible only because it is related to other similar responses which have been serially organised, yet which operate, not simply as individual members coming one after another, but as a unitary mass. Determination by schemata is the most fundamental of all the ways in which we can be influenced by reactions and experiences which occurred some time in the past. All incoming impulses of a certain kind, or mode, go together to build up an active, organised setting: visual, auditory, various types of cutaneous impulses and the like, at a relatively low level; all the experiences connected by a common interest: in sport, in literature, history, art, science, philosophy, and so on, on a higher level. (Bartlett, 1932, p. 201)

1) diagramme; graphique

2) schéma d'organisation

   1) A Unitary Search Process for All the Phenomena of Memory

   To what extent can we lump together what goes on when you try to recall: (1) your name; (2) how you kick a football; and (3) the present location of your car keys? If we use introspective evidence as a guide, the first seems an immediate automatic response. The second may require constructive internal replay prior to our being able to produce a verbal description. The third... quite likely involves complex operational responses under the control of some general strategy system. Is any unitary search process, with a single set of characteristics and inputoutput relations, likely to cover all these cases? (Reitman, 1970, p. 485)

   2) Semantic Memory Is a Mental Thesaurus

   [Semantic memory] Is a mental thesaurus, organized knowledge a person possesses about words and other verbal symbols, their meanings and referents, about relations among them, and about rules, formulas, and algorithms for the manipulation of these symbols, concepts, and relations. Semantic memory does not register perceptible properties of inputs, but rather cognitive referents of input signals. (Tulving, 1972, p. 386)

   3) The Development of Mnemonic Codes

   The mnemonic code, far from being fixed and unchangeable, is structured and restructured along with general development. Such a restructuring of the code takes place in close dependence on the schemes of intelligence. The clearest indication of this is the observation of different types of memory organisation in accordance with the age level of a child so that a longer interval of retention without any new presentation, far from causing a deterioration of memory, may actually improve it. (Piaget & Inhelder, 1973, p. 36)

   4) The Logic of Some Memory Theorization Is of Dubious Worth in the History of Psychology

   If a cue was effective in memory retrieval, then one could infer it was encoded; if a cue was not effective, then it was not encoded. The logic of this theorization is "heads I win, tails you lose" and is of dubious worth in the history of psychology. We might ask how long scientists will puzzle over questions with no answers. (Solso, 1974, p. 28)

   5) The Constituent Elements of Memory Theory

   We have iconic, echoic, active, working, acoustic, articulatory, primary, secondary, episodic, semantic, short-term, intermediate-term, and longterm memories, and these memories contain tags, traces, images, attributes, markers, concepts, cognitive maps, natural-language mediators, kernel sentences, relational rules, nodes, associations, propositions, higher-order memory units, and features. (Eysenck, 1977, p. 4)

   6) The Problem with the Memory Metaphor

   The problem with the memory metaphor is that storage and retrieval of traces only deals [ sic] with old, previously articulated information. Memory traces can perhaps provide a basis for dealing with the "sameness" of the present experience with previous experiences, but the memory metaphor has no mechanisms for dealing with novel information. (Bransford, McCarrell, Franks & Nitsch, 1977, p. 434)

   7) The Results of a Hundred Years of the Psychological Study of Memory Are Somewhat Discouraging

   The results of a hundred years of the psychological study of memory are somewhat discouraging. We have established firm empirical generalisations, but most of them are so obvious that every ten-year-old knows them anyway. We have made discoveries, but they are only marginally about memory; in many cases we don't know what to do with them, and wear them out with endless experimental variations. We have an intellectually impressive group of theories, but history offers little confidence that they will provide any meaningful insight into natural behavior. (Neisser, 1978, pp. 12-13)

   8) The Structure and Function of a Schema in Memory

   A schema, then is a data structure for representing the generic concepts stored in memory. There are schemata representing our knowledge about all concepts; those underlying objects, situations, events, sequences of events, actions and sequences of actions. A schema contains, as part of its specification, the network of interrelations that is believed to normally hold among the constituents of the concept in question. A schema theory embodies a prototype theory of meaning. That is, inasmuch as a schema underlying a concept stored in memory corresponds to the mean ing of that concept, meanings are encoded in terms of the typical or normal situations or events that instantiate that concept. (Rumelhart, 1980, p. 34)

   9) Competence and Performance in Theories of Memory

   Memory appears to be constrained by a structure, a "syntax," perhaps at quite a low level, but it is free to be variable, deviant, even erratic at a higher level....

   Like the information system of language, memory can be explained in part by the abstract rules which underlie it, but only in part. The rules provide a basic competence, but they do not fully determine performance. (Campbell, 1982, pp. 228, 229)

    10) Metaphors of Memory

   When people think about the mind, they often liken it to a physical space, with memories and ideas as objects contained within that space. Thus, we speak of ideas being in the dark corners or dim recesses of our minds, and of holding ideas in mind. Ideas may be in the front or back of our minds, or they may be difficult to grasp. With respect to the processes involved in memory, we talk about storing memories, of searching or looking for lost memories, and sometimes of finding them. An examination of common parlance, therefore, suggests that there is general adherence to what might be called the spatial metaphor. The basic assumptions of this metaphor are that memories are treated as objects stored in specific locations within the mind, and the retrieval process involves a search through the mind in order to find specific memories....

   However, while the spatial metaphor has shown extraordinary longevity, there have been some interesting changes over time in the precise form of analogy used. In particular, technological advances have influenced theoretical conceptualisations.... The original Greek analogies were based on wax tablets and aviaries; these were superseded by analogies involving switchboards, gramophones, tape recorders, libraries, conveyor belts, and underground maps. Most recently, the workings of human memory have been compared to computer functioning... and it has been suggested that the various memory stores found in computers have their counterparts in the human memory system. (Eysenck, 1984, pp. 79-80)

    11) Comparison of Primary Memory and Secondary Memory

   Primary memory [as proposed by William James] relates to information that remains in consciousness after it has been perceived, and thus forms part of the psychological present, whereas secondary memory contains information about events that have left consciousness, and are therefore part of the psychological past. (Eysenck, 1984, p. 86)

    12) Semantic Memory and Episodic Memory

   Once psychologists began to study long-term memory per se, they realized it may be divided into two main categories.... Semantic memories have to do with our general knowledge about the working of the world. We know what cars do, what stoves do, what the laws of gravity are, and so on. Episodic memories are largely events that took place at a time and place in our personal history. Remembering specific events about our own actions, about our family, and about our individual past falls into this category. With amnesia or in aging, what dims... is our personal episodic memories, save for those that are especially dear or painful to us. Our knowledge of how the world works remains pretty much intact. (Gazzaniga, 1988, p. 42)

    13) The Relation of Memory to Thinking

   The nature of memory... provides a natural starting point for an analysis of thinking. Memory is the repository of many of the beliefs and representations that enter into thinking, and the retrievability of these representations can limit the quality of our thought. (Smith, 1990, p. 1)

 

компоновка
1. Процесс поиска оптимального архитектурно - планировочного решения объекта в целом с учётом функциональных связей его отдельных частей и на основе идеи архитектурной композиции
2. Результат этого решения
[Терминологический словарь по строительству на 12 языках (ВНИИИС Госстроя СССР)]

Тематики

• архитектура, основные понятия

EN

• arrangement
• integration

DE

• Entwurfskonzeption

FR

• organisation de composants

 

конструкция
Устройство, взаимное расположение частей и состав машины, механизма или сооружения.
[ http://sl3d.ru/o-slovare.html]

Параллельные тексты EN-RU

The new valve profile is design to ensure smooth and precise control at low capacities for improved part load performances.
[Lennox]

Вентиль новой конструкции обеспечивает плавное и точное регулирование при низкой производительности холодильного контура, что увеличивает его эффективность при неполной нагрузке.
[Интент]

Тематики

• машиностроение в целом

EN

• aggregate
• architecture
• arrangement
• assembly
• build
• carcass
• configuration
• construct
• construction
• design
• embodiment
• engineering design
• formation
• frame
• framework
• hardware
• profile
• project
• structural design
• structural system
• structural unit
• structure
• style
• work

 

план размещения частот
—
[ http://www.iks-media.ru/glossary/index.html?glossid=2400324]

Тематики

• электросвязь, основные понятия

EN

• arrangement

 

планировка
—
[А.С.Гольдберг. Англо-русский энергетический словарь. 2006 г.]

Тематики

• энергетика в целом

EN

• arrangement
• ARR
• layout
• l/o
• layout
• leveling

 

размещение
—
[Я.Н.Лугинский, М.С.Фези-Жилинская, Ю.С.Кабиров. Англо-русский словарь по электротехнике и электроэнергетике, Москва, 1999 г.]

Тематики

• электротехника, основные понятия

EN

• construction
• arrangement

 

схема
Упрощённое графическое изображение предмета или процесса с пояснением и описанием
[Терминологический словарь по строительству на 12 языках (ВНИИИС Госстроя СССР)]

схема
Условное графическое изображение объекта, в общих чертах передающее суть его характера и структуру.
[ ГОСТ Р 7.0.3-2006]

схема
Конструктивные узлы и электрические соединения обмоток преобразователя и радиоэлектронных элементов прибора
[Система неразрушающего контроля. Виды (методы) и технология неразрушающего контроля. Термины и определения (справочное пособие). Москва 2003 г.]

1. ВИДЫ И ТИПЫ СХЕМ

1.1. Схемы в зависимости от видов элементов и связей, входящих в состав изделия (установки), подразделяют на следующие виды:

• электрические;
• гидравлические;
• пневматические;
• газовые (кроме пневматических);
• кинематические;
• вакуумные;
• оптические;
• энергетические;
• деления;
• комбинированные.

Примечания:

1. Для изделия, в состав которого входят элементы разных видов, разрабатывают несколько схем соответствующих видов одного типа, например, схема электрическая принципиальная и схема гидравлическая принципиальная или одну комбинированную схему, содержащую элементы и связи разных видов.

2. На схеме одного вида допускается изображать элементы схем другого вида, непосредственно влияющие на работу схемы этого вида, а также элементы и устройства, не входящие в изделие (установку), на которое (которую) составляют схему, но необходимые для разъяснения принципов работы изделия (установки).

Графические обозначения таких элементов и устройств отделяют на схеме штрих-пунктирными линиями, равными по толщине линиям связи, и помещают надписи, указывая в них местонахождение этих элементов, а также необходимые данные.

3. Схему деления изделия на составные части (схему деления) выпускают для определения состава изделия.

1.2. Схемы в зависимости от основного назначения подразделяют на следующие типы:

• структурные;
• функциональные;
• принципиальные (полные);
• соединений (монтажные);
• подключения;
• общие;
• расположения;
• объединенные.

Примечание. Наименования типов схем, указанные в скобках, устанавливают для электрических схем энергетических сооружений.

---

2.6. Перечень элементов

2.6.1. Перечень элементов помещают на первом листе схемы или выполняют в виде самостоятельного документа.

2.6.2. Перечень элементов оформляют в виде таблицы (черт. 3), заполняемой сверху вниз.

Черт. 3

В графах таблицы указывают следующие данные: в графе "Поз. обозначение" - позиционные обозначения элементов, устройств и функциональных групп;

в графе "Наименование" - для элемента (устройства) - наименование в соответствии с документом, на основании которого этот элемент (устройство) применен, и обозначение этого документа (основной конструкторский документ, государственный стандарт, отраслевой стандарт, технические условия); - для функциональной группы - наименование:

в графе Примечание" - рекомендуется указывать технические данные элемента (устройства), не содержащиеся в его наименовании.

2.6.3. При выполнении перечня элементов на первом листе схемы его располагают, как правило, над основной надписью.

.....

2.6.5. При разбивке поля схемы на зоны перечень элементов дополняют графой "Зона" (черт. 4), указывая в ней обозначение зоны, в которой расположен данный элемент (устройство).


Черт. 4

[ГОСТ 2.701-84]

Тематики

• виды (методы) и технология неразр. контроля
• издания, основные виды и элементы
• проектирование, документация

EN

• arrangement
• scheme

DE

• Schema

FR

• schéma

1) to format présenter; mettre en forme [un texte]

2) Inf. formater

pattern [ˈpætən]

   a. (on material, wallpaper) motif m

• a floral pattern un motif floral

• the torches made patterns of light on the walls la lumière des torches dessinait des formes sur les murs

   b. (for sewing) patron m ; (for knitting) modèle m

   c. ( = model) modèle m

• on the pattern of... sur le modèle de...

• this set a pattern for future meetings cela a institué un modèle pour les réunions suivantes

   d. ( = standard, behaviour) eating patterns habitudes fpl alimentaires

• my sleep patterns became very disturbed je n'arrivais plus à dormir régulièrement

• the earth's weather patterns les tendances fpl climatiques de la terre

• there is a pattern in their behaviour on observe certaines constantes dans leur comportement

• to be part of a pattern faire partie d'un tout

• it followed the usual pattern [interview, crime, epidemic] cela s'est passé selon le scénario habituel

• a clear pattern emerges from these statistics un schéma très net se dégage de ces statistiques

• this week's violence follows a sadly familiar pattern les actes de violence de cette semaine suivent un scénario trop familier

• these attacks all followed the same pattern ces agressions se sont toutes déroulées de la même manière

   e. [of sentence] structure f

* * *

1) ( design) dessin m, motif m

2) ( regular way of happening)

3) ( model) modèle m also Linguistics

4) ( in dressmaking) patron m; ( in knitting) modèle m

5) ( style of manufacture) style m

6) ( sample) échantillon m

transitive verb ( model) modeler (on, after sur)

skeleton ['skelɪtən]

1 noun

(a) Anatomy squelette m;

∎ he was little more than a skeleton il n'avait plus que la peau sur les os;

∎ figurative to have a skeleton in the British cupboard or American closet avoir un squelette dans le placard

(b) Building industry & Chemistry (structure) squelette m

(c) (outline → of book, report) ébauche f, esquisse f; (→ of project, strategy, speech) schéma m, grandes lignes fpl

2 compound-forming noun

(team) (réduit au) minimum;

∎ a skeleton British staff or American crew des effectifs mpl réduits au minimum;

∎ they're running a skeleton train service ils assurent un service minimum de trains

►► skeleton contract contrat-type m;

skeleton key passe-partout m inv, passe m;

skeleton organization organisation f squelettique